The SPS National Council is proud to announce the 2023-24 SPS and Sigma Pi Sigma Council! Em Chittenden of the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill is now the Associate Zone Councilor. Chittenden will represent the Physics and Astronomy Department in Washington DC at the SPS Conference!

The SPS National Council is the main governing body for the Society of Physics Students and Sigma Pi Sigma. The Council is composed of an elected faculty zone councilor (ZC) and an elected student associate zone councilor (AZC) from each of the 18 zones, and an elected council president and Sigma Pi Sigma president. The council composition was designed carefully with the student voice in mind. The Council meets face-to-face annually, usually in the fall in the Washington, DC, area and by video conference each spring.

SPS is a chapter based society that exists to help students transform themselves into contributing members of the professional community. Traditional coursework develops only one range of skills. Other skills needed to flourish professionally include effective communication and personal interactions, leadership experience, establishing a personal network of contacts, presenting scholarly work in professional meetings and journals, research experiences, and outreach services to the campus and local communities. Through its members, advisers, chapters, and leadership, SPS enables national initiatives and local impacts within the community. SPS supports students, advisers, and departments to improve the overall community.

SPS wants to support every undergraduate student with an interest in physics and astronomy excel. SPS seeks to assist every undergraduate department help students succeed. Locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally, the SPS offers the opportunity for these important enrichments to the student’s experience.

Congratulations Em Chittenden!

 

Learn more: https://www.spsnational.org/about/governance/national-council

 

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is pleased to announce Joshua Reding, Ph.D., of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and other members of the 51^st class of the Science & Technology Policy Fellowships (STPF) program. STPF fellows are chosen from a select group of doctoral-level scientists and highly experienced Masters-level engineers to engage in a one-year immersive educational opportunity to gain hands-on experience in the public policy arena while leveraging their expertise to help confront major societal issues in the U.S. government.

 

Among the 276 highly trained STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) professionals selected, Dr. Reding will serve at the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Electromagnetic Spectrum Management office in the Division of Astronomical Sciences.

 

Reding completed his doctoral degree in Physics in 2022 under the advisory of Provost Chris Clemens, for which he investigated unusual white dwarf stars likely formed in stellar mergers as “failed” supernovae. In his STPF appointment at NSF, he will use his observational astronomy expertise to inform responsible use of the electromagnetic spectrum on the international stage, especially in light of rising threats to ground-based astronomy such as satellite mega-constellations.

 

“Having been an STPF fellow myself, the start of each fellowship year brings both fond memories and excitement for the future,” said Rashada Alexander, Ph.D., STPF director and alumna fellow. “The 51^st class of STPF fellows are quite the gathering of minds: these are expert-level scientists and engineers who have chosen to devote a year or more to help ensure that the nation’s policies are informed by science.”

 

Fellows like Dr. Reding will learn first-hand about federal policymaking and implementation. They will also gain invaluable skills in communication, diplomacy, collaboration and consensus-building. This opportunity will build upon Reding’s past year of state-level science policy work as a North Carolina STEM Policy Fellow in the NC Department of Commerce’s Office of Science, Technology & Innovation (OSTI).

 

“I am delighted for the opportunity to bring my science policy experience back to my field of research, and I hope to make a lasting positive impact on the future of observational astronomy,” Dr. Reding reflected.

 

The 2023-24 fellowship class is sponsored by organizations including AAAS, the Moore Foundation and partner societies. Of the 276 fellows chosen, 38 will serve in Congress, one will serve at the Federal Judicial Center, and 237 will serve in the executive branch among 19 federal agencies or departments. New this year, among the 38 fellows in Congress, six are members of AAAS’ special AI Rapid Response Cohort – experts in artificial intelligence and related areas recruited to help confront pressing issues such as privacy, intellectual property rights, employment, and innovation in the field.

 

The STPF program supports evidence-based policymaking by leveraging the knowledge and analytical mindset of science and engineering experts, and trains leaders for a strong U.S. science and technology enterprise. Fellows represent a vast array of disciplines, backgrounds and career stages. After the fellowship, many remain in the policy arena working at the federal, state, regional or international level, while others pursue careers in academia, industry or the nonprofit sector.

 

Founded in 1973, the STPF program celebrated its 50^th anniversary earlier this year. At the end of his service, Dr. Reding will join a select corps of 4,000+ alumni fellows who are equipped to solve problems with a unique set of science policy skills and acumen.

Also this year, STPF is launching an alumni network to stimulate and support collaboration among them to further the STPF mission of supporting evidence-based decision-making in US public policy.

 

Visit www.aaas.org/stpf to learn more about the AAAS S&T Policy Fellowships.

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is the world’s largest general scientific society and publisher of the journal Science, as well as Science Translational Medicine; Science Signaling; a digital, open-access journal, Science Advances; Science Immunology; and Science Robotics. AAAS was founded in 1848 and includes more than 250 affiliated societies and academies of science, serving 10 million individuals. Science has the largest paid circulation of any peer-reviewed general science journal in the world. The nonprofit AAAS is open to all and fulfills its mission to “advance science and serve society” through initiatives in science policy, international programs, science education, public engagement, and more. For additional information about AAAS, please visit www.aaas.org.

 

University of North Carolina Physics and Astronomy Professor Christian Iliadis’s acclaimed textbook, “Nuclear Physics of Stars,” has been published in Chinese by Tsinghua University Press Limited. This follows the global success of the second English edition, which was published by Wiley-VCH in 2015.

“Nuclear Physics of Stars” is an authoritative academic text that occupies a unique niche. It is the only nuclear astrophysics textbook in print and holds the distinction of being the only one to ever go to a second edition. This milestone acknowledges its sustained importance in the international scientific community.

Designed to educate and inform, the textbook has been employed across the globe, primarily to train graduate students in the specialized fields of nuclear physics and astrophysics. It presents comprehensive, detailed coverage of the subject, making it an invaluable resource for aspiring scholars in these areas.

The publication of the Chinese edition by Tsinghua University Press Limited marks an exciting development, as it will greatly facilitate the book’s accessibility and reach within Chinese-speaking academic circles. This will extend the textbook’s impact further, fostering a deeper understanding of nuclear physics of stars among a broader student and professional audience.

Find here: http://www.tup.com.cn/booksCenter/book_09294101.html

The American Astronomical Society’s Division on Dynamical Astronomy (DDA) is pleased to announce that the 2023 recipient of the Vera Rubin Early Career Award is Dr. Carl Rodriguez of the University of North Carolina, for his novel and sustained contributions to our understanding of dynamics of stars in dense stellar systems as well as his pioneering considerations of dynamical scenarios for gravitational wave sources originating from globular clusters.

Dr. Rodriguez earned his Ph.D. from Northwestern University in 2016 under the direction of Prof. Fred Rasio. He held the Pappalardo postdoctoral fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the ITC fellowship at Harvard University before taking up a faculty position at Carnegie Mellon University. In 2022 he moved to his present post as Assistant Professor at UNC.

The detection of gravitational wave (GW) signals by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) in 2015 opened up an entirely new area of observational astrophysics with the potential to advance fundamental physics and constrain basic parameters of compact object mergers. While it has been known that merging compact binaries can be formed dynamically in the dense cores of old globular clusters, Dr Rodriguez’ N-body gravitational modelling of mergers within dense star clusters made clear predictions for their rates and physical properties. Specifically, the work correctly predicted that LIGO’s first GW detections would be from merging binary black holes more massive than the black holes observed through X-ray observations in our own galaxy, thus establishing dynamical processes as one of the leading formation mechanisms of merging black holes.

Further improvements in the model led Dr Rodriguez to recognise the role of relativistic effects in creating, through repeated mergers, black holes more massive than those formed by single stars, thus offering a compelling theoretical interpretation of high-mass coalescence events subsequently observed by LIGO. Work also led by Dr Rodriguez made fundamental contributions to understanding the distribution of spins in binary black holes, in particular showing that merging black hole binaries with a significant spin-orbit anti-alignment arise uniquely from dynamical formation, as well as predicting mergers with non-negligible eccentricity.

Dr. Rodriguez will be invited to give a lecture at the 55th annual DDA meeting in the spring of 2024.

 

Taken from: https://dda.aas.org/awards/rubin/2023

 

 

One of our most distinguished graduates, Adam Falk (BS 1987), will be the orator at the Phi Beta Kappa Literary Exercises at Harvard on May 23rd. Adam got his PhD at Harvard in 1991 and subsequently joined the physics faculty at Johns Hopkins, eventually becoming Dean of Arts & Sciences there. From 2010 – 2017 he was President of Williams College, and is now the President of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

Congratulations to our two Physics and Astronomy majors that have been inducted into Phi Beta Kappa:

Abigail Hailey Dunnigan
Andrew Hanan Mattson

And a minor:
Rachel Elizabeth Emrick

219 students were inducted into Phi Beta Kappa at UNC-Chapel Hill. Past and present Phi Beta Kappa members from across the country have included 17 American presidents, 42 U.S. Supreme Court Justices, more than 150 Nobel Laureates and numerous artistic, intellectual and political leaders.

Phi Beta Kappa, the nation’s oldest and most honored college honorary society, inducted 219 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill students as new members. Less than 1% of all college students qualify for acceptance.

The recent induction ceremony featured remarks by Chancellor Kevin M. Guskiewicz and a keynote address by James W.C. White, Craver Family Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences.

Past and present Phi Beta Kappa members from across the country include 17 American presidents, 42 U.S. Supreme Court Justices, more than 150 Nobel Laureates, and numerous artistic, intellectual, and political leaders.

Phi Beta Kappa membership is open to undergraduates in the College and professional degree programs who meet stringent eligibility requirements. A student who has completed 75 hours of coursework in the liberal arts and sciences with a GPA of 3.85 or better (on a 4-point scale) is eligible for membership. Also eligible is any student who has completed 105 hours of coursework in the liberal arts and sciences with a 3.75 GPA. Grades earned at other universities are not considered.

Phi Beta Kappa has 293 chapters nationwide. Carolina’s chapter, Alpha of North Carolina, was founded in 1904 and is the oldest of eight chapters in the state. Each year, Phi Beta Kappa chapters and alumni associations across the country raise and distribute more than $1 million in awards, scholarships and prizes benefiting high schools and college students.

Phi Beta Kappa officers at Carolina for 2022-2023 are students Ayaka Uehara, president; Sierra Foster, vice president; and Hans Oh, recording secretary. James L. Leloudis, professor of history, Peter T. Grauer associate dean for Honors Carolina, and director of the James M. Johnston Center for Undergraduate Excellence, is chapter executive secretary and faculty advisor.

Taken from: https://www.unc.edu/posts/2023/04/06/219-students-inducted-into-phi-beta-kappa-at-unc-chapel-hill/ 

The RFA Executive Committee is pleased to announce the selection of four outstanding recipients of the 2023 RFA Leadership Award. Originally established to recognize those who provided leadership to the Retired Faculty Association, eligibility was expanded in 2013 to include additional individuals whom the RFA wished to honor for their distinguished service to the university (Bill Friday in 2013, Tom Ross in 2015, Shirley Ort in 2018). The award is given in alternate years.

This year’s recipients are Professor Emeritus William Andrews (English); Professor Emeritus Tom Clegg (Physics and Astronomy); Professor Emeritus Jack Evans (Kenan-Flagler Business School); and Professor Emerita Jan Yopp (Hussman School of Media and Journalism). All four were recognized and were presented the award at the RFA general membership meeting on April 20 at the Friday Center.

Tom Clegg is the V. Lee Bounds Distinguished Professor of Physics Emeritus. He joined the UNC faculty in 1968 and began 50+ years of research with students and faculty at the Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory located at Duke. There he led multiple teams in designing and building devices used for accelerator-related research into forces that bind atomic nuclei and fuel stellar nucleosynthesis.
Beginning while Tom was chair of UNC’s Department of Physics & Astronomy, he led teams of UNC faculty from 1994 until 2010 through early campus land-use planning, and later during several phases of design and construction of UNC’s new Science Complex. He served as chair of the Provost’s Appointments, Promotion and Tenure Committee, Interim Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, and later Interim Senior Associate Dean of Science and Mathematics.
After retiring in 2016, Tom collaborated with the Retired Faculty Association and over 30 faculty retirees, most importantly Barbara Wasik and Marila Cordeiro-Stone, to produce a new UNC-Chapel Hill Faculty Retirement Planning Guide. At The Cedars retirement community where he now lives, he currently leads residents’ planning to understand and mitigate future campus impacts of global warming.

 

Excerpt from: https://uncrfa.web.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/5536/2023/03/RFA-March-2023-newsletter.pdf

 

Knowing Neutrinos: A Carolina junior is part of the hunt for one of physics’ most sought-after discoveries:

In advance of our Celebration of Undergraduate Research on April 26, we caught up with junior Sarah Vickers who, will be presenting her work as part of the Gruszko lab in the department of physics and astronomy. Note: This article originally appeared on the website of the College of Arts & Sciences. 

Sarah Vickers knew in middle school that physics would be a lifelong passion. Now, she studies neutrinos as part of the Gruszko lab in the department of physics and astronomy.

When someone asks junior Sarah Vickers about her research in physicist Julieta Gruszko’s lab, she always starts with the same question.

“How much do you know about neutrinos?”

If the mathematics and physics double major were to answer her own question, the colloquial response would be: a lot.

A native of Winchester, Kentucky, Vickers has known physics was her passion since the seventh grade. The first spark came from an episode of PBS’ NOVA that introduced her to black holes, relativity and the space-time continuum.

“‘That’s the coolest thing I’ve ever seen,’” Vickers remembers thinking about the science that led to those discoveries. “‘I’m going to do that.’”

It did not take her long to begin that journey.

At age 15, Vickers began taking STEM courses at Western Kentucky University and, shortly after, began research in an astronomy laboratory on the campus. In the position, she analyzed images taken by telescopes and then coded the data. Though she was grateful for the experience, she sought more involvement.

“I knew I wanted to be more hands on,” she said. “I wanted to build things.”

The opportunity came early in the Tar Heel’s first semester at Carolina. Through a series of cold emails –– a tactic Vickers highly recommends to fellow undergraduate researchers –– she found a position in the Gruszko lab in the College’s department of physics and astronomy.

In the Gruszko lab, researchers are working to understand why there is significantly more matter than antimatter in the universe by studying neutrinos –– miniscule, abundant, neutrally charged particles.

This discrepancy in balance between matter and antimatter is a good thing for us. Had there been an equal amount of the two when the universe was formed, the matter and antimatter would have annihilated each other when colliding, leaving a universe unfit for life as we know it.

But the question remains: Why does this unbalance exist? Vickers calls the subject the “hot topic” in physics.

“The prevailing theory at the moment is that neutrinos are their own antiparticle,” she explains. “This would mean they can oscillate back and forth between those two states.”

To test this theory, Vickers is part of the NuDot project in the Gruszko lab. The team studies neutrinoless double beta decay –– the decay of two neutrons into two protons, two electrons and two antineutrinos. If one of those antineutrinos oscillates into a neutrino and collides with the remaining antineutrino, the team would be able to pick up a tiny blip of energy from the collision.

The reward for being the first team to detect this blip is huge: It would answer why there is more matter than anti-matter in the universe.

The thrill of discovery is just one aspect of her research that Vickers loves. Another is how versatile her role is.

In her first assignment, she designed and built electromagnets to act as a magnetic shield for her lab’s detectors, which see light emitted by liquid scintillator. Her design helped to reduce interference that occurs naturally from the Earth’s magnetic field to make data collection as accurate as possible.

“That was a big design project,” she remembers, laughing.

On April 26, Vickers will present her most recent project at UNC’s annual Celebration of Undergraduate Research, presented by the Office of Undergraduate Research.

In this project, she’s been working with her lab mates to test the quality of liquid scintillator –– liquid that makes light when a particle hits it –– from a company that manufactures it in Austria.

Her poster on these findings will be one of over 300 presentations shared at the celebration. The event, which is hosted in the Blue Zone at Kenan Stadium, is an opportunity for the community to explore the research being conducted across departments at Carolina.

Vickers, an ambassador for the Office of Undergraduate Research and co-president of the Visibility in Physics student organization, presented at last year’s event, too. She is looking forward to another day of sharing her work with her friends and peers. She is also excited to see the research of fellow undergraduate students, some of whom she has mentored through her leadership roles on campus.

“That part, the one-on-one mentoring, is really fun,” she said.

As the December 2023 graduate prepares for her last semester at UNC, she hopes to attend more events that celebrate the cross-collaborative spirit of Carolina.

 

By Jess Abel, College of Arts and Sciences

The Carolina Girls — UNC Chapel Hill’s dance team — are known for keeping the crowd energized during football and basketball games, but one dancer noticed the unfortunate aftermath of events on campus — trash of all kinds left behind to break down in the environment.

Meredith Pritchard holds a bag full of trash found on campus during a collection. (Spectrum News 1/Rachel Boyd)
“You see it coming back, you see it at the games. It’s not a malicious thing, but people forget. They leave trash in places, and that can be really bad for the environment,” said Meredith Pritchard, a member of UNC’s Trash Force.

The group of students takes pride in the looks of the school and wants to keep it looking sharp for the all those who come after them. Pritchard and her friends saw this as an easy way to be part of the solution, even if it does take time out of their schedules.

“I just care a lot about the environment, and I always have, and I just don’t think it’s too hard to go and try to help your community a little bit,” Pritchard said.

When the rest of her team found out how she spends her time outside of practice they were more than a little curious. To show their support they all joined her for a trash pick-up, where they collected over 75 pounds of trash.

“While it was really exciting to pick up that much trash and help our community in that way, it is a little bit disheartening sometimes to know there is that much trash out there,” Pritchard said.

Trash Force was set in motion last spring and is aiming to collect 300 pounds of trash before the year is over. Pritchard said they spend the majority of their time in some of the lesser-known places on campus, which is where all the trash tends to flow and pile up. Litter in the form of bottles, electronic cigarettes and vape pods are by far the most common items they find around campus.

“Now that I’ve noticed how much trash is out there, it’s definitely something that I make a concerted effort to [do],” Pritchard said. “If I’m just walking to class, and I see a cup on the sidewalk or a can over here. We do what we can in the club, but it’s important act the same way outside the club.”

Taken from https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nc/triangle-sandhills/news/2022/12/12/unc-dancer-works-for-a-cleaner-campus?cid=app_share%23&fbclid=PAAaa9V3t-Xy34V3zx-MsJclfGebeIN0UVhbukSICTWOliPC-B-2hH91QEn74

 

NSF just announced their Graduate Research Fellowship Program award winners and we are pleased to announce Madyson Barber and Guadalupe Duran have both received fellowship awards. This five year fellowship includes three years of financial support as well as a cost of education allowance. Madyson and Guadalupe are being recognized for their outstanding research in a STEM discipline.

 

Madyson Barber works with Andrew Mann in the Young Worlds Lab studying infant (<1 billion years old) stars and exoplanets. Her project focuses on an in-depth search for transiting planets to study the properties of exoplanets (size, orbit, and atmosphere) change over their lifetimes. NASA’s Kepler, K2, and TESS missions have found more than 5000 planets so far, but only around 40 are known to be young. As a result, we remain relatively ignorant of what early conditions give rise to planets like those in the Solar System. Further, young stars present high photometric variability which makes finding such young planets much more challenging. Madyson uses new statistical methods, better handling of instrumental and stellar noise, and better data from the TESS telescope to greatly increase our sensitivity to young planets. In addition to finding a suite of new young planets ideal for follow-up with JWST and other facilities, the search will provide the best set for a statistical comparison between young and old planetary systems and test theories of how planets form and evolve.

Guadalupe Duran’s proposed project with Julieta Gruszko will investigate new techniques for neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments using NuDot, a proof-of-concept liquid scintillator experiment. Neutrinos pose an interesting challenge, for their observed non-zero mass is the only directly observed particle property that goes beyond the Standard Model. This non-zero mass could be explained if neutrinos are Majorana and a rare decay, neutrinoless double-beta decay, is observed. Current experiments are searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay, and future experiments will continue these searches. However, these experimental searches for neutrinoless double beta decay must have large masses of source isotope, which leads to “irreducible” backgrounds. The only way to identify certain backgrounds is by determining the outgoing number of electrons in an event. If the topology of the electron tracks in the liquid scintillator can be reconstructed, these single background electrons can be distinguished from the two electrons emitted from double-beta decay. In detecting and measuring the Cherenkov light and determining its directionality in addition to measuring the isotropic scintillation light generated from the electrons moving within the liquid scintillator, we can identify this single electron background. NuDot, which will be built at TUNL, will demonstrate this Cherenkov/scintillation light separation technique. After upgrades are completed, the inner volume of NuDotwill be filled with liquid scintillator. Using a bet decay source connected to the calibration system, we can point the collimated source anywhere within the allowing us to test NuDot’s Cherenkov/scintillation separation capability. Guadalupe would like to thank the NSF for the opportunity to perform this research, as well as everyone who supported her in applying for this fellowship.

Renowned physicist and cosmologist Professor Edward “Rocky” Kolb will be making an exciting visit to UNC Physics and Astronomy on March 27th and 28^th, as part of the New Horizon’s Distinguished Speaker Series hosted by the Institute of Cosmology, Subatomic Matter and Symmetries (CoSMS).

During his visit, Professor Kolb will deliver a colloquium titled “Schrödinger’s Alarming Phenomenon” on March 27th at 3:30 PM in Room 211, Chapman. Afterward, there will be a special reception to welcome his visit. The following day, he will be giving a free public lecture entitled “The Quantum and The Cosmos” at 6:00 PM at UNC Morehead Planetarium.

Professor Kolb is a leading expert in cosmology, making significant contributions to our understanding of the early universe and the nature of dark matter. He is also passionate about public engagement with science, and he’s recognized for his engaging and accessible approach to science communication. His visit promises to be of great interest not only to UNC Physics and Astronomy faculty, researchers, students, and CosMS members, but also to the general public.

This is an excellent opportunity to gain insights from a world-class physicist and cosmologist, learn about the latest research in the field of cosmology, and engage with a passionate science communicator. Don’t miss this exciting visit by Professor Kolb to UNC Physics and Astronomy. Check out the flyers below for more information.

 

Professor Yosuke Kanai has recently published a paper in Physical Review Letters (PRL), the issue 11/2023, which has been selected as an Editor’s Suggestion and featured in Physics Magazine of the American Physical Society (APS).

This week’s issue of Physical Review Letters (PRL) features the article “Electronic Excitation Response of DNA to High-energy Proton Radiation in Water” by Professor Yosuke Kanai, Dr. Dillon Yost, and Mr. Chris Shepard as its co-authors. Professor Yosuke Kanai is an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy in addition to being a Professor in the Department of Chemistry at UNC.

Understanding the radiation-induced response of DNA is pivotal for human health. The electronic excitation induced in DNA by high-energy protons is central to understanding how DNA damage occurs in extreme conditions such as those experienced by astronauts. For instance, as much as 90% of galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) is high-energy protons, and human exposure to GCR is a great concern for space missions. The electronic response of DNA to high-energy protons is also the foundation of modern proton beam cancer therapy. The energy transfer rate from irradiating protons to electrons in the target matter is quantified by so-called electronic stopping power, and it plays a central role in understanding the electronic stopping phenomenon. Starting with the seminal work by Hans Bethe in 1930, many researchers have developed linear-response models for calculating the electronic stopping power. Over the last ten years, Prof. Kanai’s group has developed a new computational formalism such that quantum dynamics responsible for electronic stopping is directly simulated from first-principles quantum mechanical theory[1]. Building on their earlier work on water[2], the new PRL discusses how sugar-phosphate side chains of DNA respond strongly to irradiating protons due to the lone-pair electrons when DNA is solvated in water. As a result, positively charged holes are formed with a greater probability on the DNA side chains than on the nucleobases. This work advances our understanding of how the exposure of DNA to highly energetic protons can result in double-strand breaks in DNA, which are particularly important in inducing cell death.

 

[1] First-Principles Modeling of Electronic Stopping in Complex Matter under Ion Irradiation

1. C. Yost, Y. Yao, Y. Kanai
2. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11, 229 (2020)

[2] K-shell Core Electronic Excitation in Electronic Stopping of Protons in Water from First Principles

1. Yao, D. Yost, Y. Kanai, Phys. Rev. Lett., 123, 066401 (2019)